History of Los Angeles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The written history of Los Angeles city and county begins with a small Mexican town that changed little in the three decades after 1.
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California became part of the United States. Much greater changes were to come from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1.
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Immigrants flooded in, especially white Protestants from the Midwest. LA had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with only a small downtown and many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. Hollywood made the city world famous, and World War II brought new industry, especially high- tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector. Since the 1. 96. 0s growth has slowed.
New ethnic groups, especially from Mexico and Asia, have recovered and transformed the demographic base since the 1. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high tech remain strong. Early history. They were later replaced by migrants . The Tongva people called the Los Angeles region Yaa in Tongva.
Since contact with Europeans, the people in what became Los Angeles were known as Gabrielinos and Fernande. It included the enormous floodplain drained by the Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers and the southern Channel Islands, including the Santa Barbara, San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and San Nicholas Islands. They were part of a sophisticated group of trading partners that included the Chumash to the west, the Cahuilla and Mojave to the east, and the Juane. Their trade extended to the Colorado River and included slavery. They worshipped a creator god, Chinigchinix, and a female virgin god, Chukit.
Their Great Morning Ceremony was based on a belief in the afterlife. In a purification ritual similar to the Eucharist, they drank tolguache, a hallucinogenic made from jimson weed and salt water.
Their language was called Kizh or Kij, and they practiced cremation. The survival and success of Los Angeles would depend greatly on the presence of a nearby and prosperous Gabrielino village called Yaanga. Its residents would provide the colonists with seafood, fish, bowls, pelts, and baskets. For pay, they would dig ditches, haul water, and provide domestic help.
They often intermarried with the Mexican colonists. The brick reservoir in the middle of the Plaza was the original terminus of the Zanja Madre. In 1. 54. 2 and 1. Europeans to visit the region were Captain Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and Captain Sebasti. It would be another 1. European would visit the region.
The new pueblos would reduce the secular power of the missions by reducing the dependency of the military on them. At the same time, they would promote the development of industry and agriculture. Neve identified Santa Barbara, San Jose, and Los Angeles as sites for his new pueblos. His plans for them closely followed a set of Spanish city- planning laws contained in the Laws of the Indies promulgated by King Philip II in 1. Those laws were responsible for laying the foundations of the largest cities in the region, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Tucson, and San Antonio. Croix put the California lieutenant governor Fernando Rivera y Moncada in charge of recruiting colonists for the new settlements. He was originally instructed to recruit 5.
After an exhausting search that took him to Mazatl. Like the people of most towns in New Spain, they were a mix of Indian and Spanish backgrounds. The Quechan Revolt killed 9. Rivera y Moncada. Neve's new plans for the Indians' role in his new town drew instant disapproval from the mission priests. Because they had arrived with smallpox, they were immediately quarantined a short distance away from the mission.
Members of the other party would arrive at different times by August. They made their way to Los Angeles and probably received their land before September. The families had arrived from Mexico earlier in 1. Nunis has said that the Spanish named it . For proof, he pointed to a map dated 1. Frank Weber, the diocesan archivist, replied, however, that the name given by the founders was . In 1. 78. 4 a chapel was built on the Plaza.
The pobladores were given title to their land two years later. By 1. 80. 0, there were 2. Plaza, flat- roofed, one- story adobe buildings with thatched roofs made of tule.
The Los Angeles river flowed all year. Wildlife was plentiful, including deer, antelope, and black bears, even an occasional grizzly bear. There were abundant wetlands and swamps. Steelhead and salmon swam the rivers. The first settlers built a water system consisting of ditches (zanjas) leading from the river through the middle of town and into the farmlands. Indians were employed to haul fresh drinking water from a special pool farther upstream. The city was first known as a producer of fine wine grapes.
The raising of cattle and the commerce in tallow and hides would come later. Yaanga began attracting Indians from the islands and as far away as San Diego and San Luis Obispo. The village began to look like a refugee camp. Unlike the missions, the pobladores paid Indians for their labor.
In exchange for their work as farm workers, vaqueros, ditch diggers, water haulers, and domestic help; they were paid in clothing and other goods as well as cash and alcohol. The pobladores bartered with them for prized sea- otter and seal pelts, sieves, trays, baskets, mats, and other woven goods.
This commerce greatly contributed to the economic success of the town and the attraction of other Indians to the city. The mission had expropriated all the suitable farming land; the Indians found themselves abused and forced to work on lands that they once owned.
A young Indian healer, Toypurina began touring the area, preaching against the injustices suffered by her people. She won over four rancher. The soldiers were able to defend the mission, and arrested 1. Toypurina. As a result, Indians found themselves with more freedom to choose between the benefits of the missions and the pueblo- associated rancher.
His party visited the rancho of Francisco Reyes. They found the local Indians hard at work as vaqueros and caring for crops. Padre Vincente de Santa Maria was traveling with the party and made these observations: All of pagandom (Indians) is fond of the pueblo of Los Angeles, of the rancho of Reyes, and of the ditches (water system). Here we see nothing but pagans, clad in shoes, with sombreros and blankets, and serving as muleteers to the settlers and rancheros, so that if it were not for the gentiles there would be neither pueblos nor ranches. These pagan Indians care neither for the missions nor for the missionaries. The two sons of settler Basilio Rosas, Maximo and Jos.
The new church completed Governor Neve's planned transition of authority from mission to pueblo. The angelinos would no longer have to make the bumpy 1. Sunday Mass at Mission San Gabriel. In 1. 82. 0 the route of El Camino Viejo was established from Los Angeles, over the mountains to the north and up the west side of the San Joaquin Valley to the east side of San Francisco Bay. Mexican Era, 1. 82. No longer subjects of the king, people were now ciudadanos, citizens with rights under the law. In the plazas of Monterey, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and other settlements, people swore allegiance to the new government, the Spanish flag was lowered, and the flag of independent Mexico raised.
There was a corresponding increase in population as more Indians were assimilated and others arrived from America, Europe, and other parts of Mexico. Before 1. 82. 0, there were just 6. By 1. 84. 1, the population nearly tripled to 1,6.
The new church was completed, and the political life of the city developed. Los Angeles was separated from Santa Barbara administration. The system of ditches which provided water from the river was rebuilt. Trade and commerce further increased with the secularization of the California missions by the Mexican Congress in 1. Extensive mission lands suddenly became available to government officials, ranchers, and land speculators. The governor made more than 8.
Francisco Sepulveda which was later developed as the westside of Los Angeles. Being regarded as minors who could not think for themselves, they were increasingly marginalized and relieved of their land titles, often by being drawn into debt or alcohol. It was attended by the entire population of the pueblo, 8. Alta California. In 1. Mexican Congress declared Los Angeles a city, making it the official capital of Alta California.
It was now the region's leading city. The same period also saw the arrival of many foreigners from the United States and Europe. They would play a pivotal role in the U. S. Early California settler John Bidwell included several historical figures in his recollection of people he knew in March, 1. It then had probably two hundred and fifty people, of whom I recall Don Abel Stearns, John Temple, Captain Alexander Bell, William Wolfskill, Lemuel Carpenter. Alexander; also of Mexicans, Pio Pico (governor), Don Juan Bandini, and others. He planted a vineyard and prepared to make wine.
The grapes available at the time, of the Mission variety, were brought to Alta California by the Franciscan Brothers at the end of the 1. They grew well and yielded large quantities of wine, but Jean- Louis Vignes was not satisfied with the results. Therefore, he decided to import better vines from Bordeaux: Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Sauvignon blanc. In 1. 84. 0, Jean- Louis Vignes made the first recorded shipment of California wine. The Los Angeles market was too small for his production, and he loaded a shipment on the Monsoon, bound for Northern California. By 1. 84. 9, El Aliso, was the most extensive vineyard in California. Vignes owned over 4.
Because of Mexico's inability to defend its northern territories, California was exposed to invasion. On August 1. 3, 1.
Commodore Robert F.